Mushrooms & Fungi
What Is A Mushroom :
A mushroom is the fruiting body of a fungus, which is a type of organism that belongs to the fungi kingdom. Mushrooms are the reproductive structures of fungi and serve as a means of dispersing spores for reproduction. They come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, and are found in many different habitats, such as forests, grasslands, and even on decaying organic matter.
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Mushrooms are different from plants in that they do not produce their own food through photosynthesis. Instead, they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by forming mutually beneficial relationships with plants or other organisms, such as insects. Of the 1.5 million fungi estimated, 14,000 species in the world produce fruiting bodies that are large enough to be considered mushrooms and of which at least 2000 species are edible, due to their rich source of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and fibre. They are also low in calories and fat, making them a healthy addition to many diets. Some mushrooms have been shown to have medicinal properties, such as boosting the immune system, reducing inflammation, and even potentially fighting cancer.
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In addition to their importance for human health, mushrooms play a crucial role in maintaining the health of our planet. The mycelium, which is the vegetative part of the fungus, is responsible for breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients in ecosystems. Mycelium also helps to create healthy soils and can even be used to remediate polluted sites. Therefore, mushrooms and their mycelial networks are an essential part of our planet's ecological systems.
Why are fungi important for our planet?
Fungi play an essential role in maintaining the health of our planet in various ways. They are an important component of the ecosystem and have a symbiotic relationship with plants and trees. Here are some reasons why mushrooms are important for our planet:​
Decomposition :
Mushrooms are decomposers, meaning they help break down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves, branches, and trees. This process is essential for recycling nutrients in the ecosystem and returning them to the soil. Also, certain types of mushrooms are able to break down plastic and oil, which could be very useful in todays world.
Carbon sequestration :
Mycelium can capture and store carbon in the soil, thus mitigating the effects of climate change. According to some estimates, up to 50% of the world's carbon is stored in soil.
Soil health :
The mycelium, the underground network of fungal threads, plays a vital role in maintaining soil health. They create a vast network of microscopic threads that help to bind soil particles together, making the soil more stable and resistant to erosion.
Biodiversity :
Fungi play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity, as they form mutualistic relationships with many plant species. They help plants to absorb nutrients and protect them from pathogens, and in return, the plants provide the fungi with energy in the form of sugars
Nutrient cycling :
Mycelium breaks down complex organic compounds into simpler forms, making them available to other organisms in the ecosystem. This process helps in nutrient cycling and ensures the continued fertility of the soil.
Medicinal value :
Many mushrooms have medicinal properties and have been used for centuries in traditional medicine. They contain bioactive compounds that can help boost the immune system, fight inflammation, and combat diseases such as cancer.
In conclusion, mushrooms are essential for maintaining the health of our planet. They play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, soil health, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity. Furthermore, many mushrooms have medicinal properties that can benefit human health. It is therefore essential to protect and preserve mushroom habitats and their role in maintaining ecological balance.
How is fungi connected to trees :
Fungi and trees have a complex and mutually beneficial relationship known as mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhizae are networks of fungal filaments (hyphae) that form a symbiotic association with the roots of most trees and other plants. In this relationship, the fungus provides the plant with nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and other micronutrients, while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis.
This relationship is crucial for the survival and growth of both the tree and the fungus. The fungal network is able to access and absorb nutrients from the soil that are not readily available to the plant's roots, while the plant provides the fungus with energy and carbohydrates that it cannot produce on its own. This partnership allows trees to grow faster, absorb more nutrients, and resist diseases more effectively.
Furthermore, the mycorrhizal network is not limited to a single tree. Fungal filaments can extend for many meters in all directions, connecting the roots of multiple trees and forming what is known as a mycorrhizal network. This network allows trees to share resources and communicate with each other, creating a complex and interdependent ecosystem. For example, a tree with excess nutrients can transfer them through the mycorrhizal network to a neighbouring tree in need, promoting the overall health and resilience of the forest.
In addition, some fungi are also involved in the decay of dead wood, recycling nutrients and making them available to new plants. Without these decomposer fungi, dead plant material would accumulate and nutrients would be lost from the ecosystem. Thus, fungi play an essential role in the functioning and health of forest ecosystems, connecting trees and promoting their growth and survival.
Health Mushrooms
One of the most important health benefits of mushrooms is their ability to boost the immune system. Many species of mushrooms contain beta-glucans, which are complex polysaccharides that have been shown to stimulate the immune system. Beta-glucans activate immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells, which can help to protect the body against infections and diseases.
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In addition to their immune-boosting properties, mushrooms are also rich in antioxidants, which can help to protect the body against free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The antioxidants in mushrooms, such as ergothioneine and glutathione, can help to neutralize free radicals and protect the body from oxidative stress.
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Another important health benefit of mushrooms is their anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation is associated with a wide range of health problems, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Some species of mushrooms, such as shiitake and maitake, contain compounds that can help to reduce inflammation in the body.
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Mushrooms are also a good source of several important nutrients, including B vitamins, selenium, and potassium. B vitamins are essential for maintaining healthy nerve function and red blood cell production, while selenium is an important antioxidant that can help to protect the body against cancer and other diseases. Potassium is important for maintaining healthy blood pressure and can help to reduce the risk of heart disease.
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In addition to their numerous health benefits, mushrooms are also low in calories and fat, making them a great food for weight management. They are also high in fiber, which can help to promote healthy digestion and reduce the risk of colon cancer.
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In conclusion, mushrooms are an incredibly nutritious and healthy food that can provide a wide range of benefits for human health. From boosting the immune system to protecting against chronic diseases, mushrooms are an important part of a healthy diet. With so many different species to choose from, it's easy to incorporate mushrooms into your meals and enjoy their many health benefits.
Mushrooms and Neurogenesis
Recent research has found that mushrooms may have a positive effect on neurogenesis, the process of creating new neurons in the brain. One of the primary ways that mushrooms may support neurogenesis is through their antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress is a process that occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. When this occurs, it can lead to inflammation and damage to cells throughout the body, including in the brain.
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Research has also found that certain types of mushrooms, such as lion's mane and cordyceps, contain compounds that may directly promote neurogenesis. For example, lion's mane contains compounds called hericenones and erinacines, which have been shown to stimulate the growth of new neurons in the brain and enhance cognitive function.
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In one study, researchers gave mice a daily dose of lion's mane extract and found that it increased the number of new neurons in the hippocampus, a region of the brain that is important for learning and memory. Another study found that lion's mane extract improved cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, a condition that can be a precursor to dementia.
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Cordyceps, another type of mushroom, has also been shown to have neurogenic effects. In one study, researchers gave rats a daily dose of cordyceps extract and found that it increased the number of new neurons in the hippocampus and improved cognitive function.
Lions Mane :
Brain health: Lion's Mane mushrooms contain compounds that may promote the growth of brain cells and improve cognitive function, memory, and concentration. These compounds may also have a protective effect against age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Nervous system health: Lion's Mane mushrooms may support the health of the nervous system by stimulating the production of nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein that plays a key role in the growth and maintenance of nerve cells.
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Immune system support: Lion's Mane mushrooms have been shown to have immune-boosting properties and may help to enhance the function of immune cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages.
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Digestive health: Lion's Mane mushrooms may support digestive health by improving gut microbiota balance and reducing inflammation in the gut. They may also have a protective effect against gastric ulcers and other digestive issues.
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Cardiovascular health: Lion's Mane mushrooms contain compounds that may help to lower cholesterol levels, reduce inflammation, and improve circulation, which may all contribute to a healthier cardiovascular system.
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Anti-cancer properties: Some studies suggest that Lion's Mane mushrooms may have anti-cancer properties and could potentially help to prevent or treat certain types of cancer. However, more research is needed in this area.
Shiitake :
Boosts Immune System: Shiitake mushrooms are rich in beta-glucans, which are compounds that help boost the immune system. They stimulate the production of white blood cells and help the body to fight off infections.
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Anti-Cancer Properties: Shiitake mushrooms contain a compound called Lentinan, which has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It stimulates the immune system to attack cancer cells and may also slow down the growth of tumors.
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Lowers Cholesterol: Shiitake mushrooms contain compounds called eritadenine and beta-glucans, which help to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. This can help to reduce the risk of heart disease.
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Promotes Heart Health: Shiitake mushrooms contain compounds that help to reduce inflammation and improve blood flow. This can help to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.
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Rich in Nutrients: Shiitake mushrooms are a good source of nutrients such as B vitamins, copper, selenium, and zinc. These nutrients are important for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases.
Oyster :
Rich in Nutrients: Oyster mushrooms are a great source of essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They are also low in calories, making them a great addition to a healthy diet.
Immune-Boosting Properties: Oyster mushrooms contain beta-glucans, which are complex sugars that have been shown to stimulate the immune system. Consuming oyster mushrooms may help enhance the body's natural defenses against infections and diseases.
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Anti-inflammatory Effects: Oyster mushrooms contain various compounds that possess anti-inflammatory properties, such as ergothioneine, which has been shown to reduce inflammation in the body.
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Antioxidant Properties: Oyster mushrooms are rich in antioxidants, such as ergothioneine and glutathione, which help protect the body against free radical damage and oxidative stress.
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Cardiovascular Health: Oyster mushrooms contain compounds that may help reduce cholesterol levels and improve overall cardiovascular health. They have been shown to reduce blood pressure and improve circulation in the body.
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Blood Sugar Control: Oyster mushrooms contain polysaccharides that have been shown to help regulate blood sugar levels, making them a potential aid for those with diabetes.
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Anti-Cancer Effects: Oyster mushrooms contain compounds that have been shown to possess anti-cancer properties. They may help inhibit the growth and spread of cancer cells, and some studies suggest that regular consumption of oyster mushrooms may help reduce the risk of certain types of cancer.
Reishi :
Boosts Immune System: Reishi mushrooms are known for their immune-boosting properties. They contain beta-glucans, a type of complex carbohydrate that can stimulate the immune system and help the body fight off infections and diseases.
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Anti-inflammatory Properties: Reishi mushrooms contain triterpenoids, which have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is linked to a variety of health issues, such as heart disease and arthritis, so consuming foods with anti-inflammatory properties like Reishi mushrooms may help reduce the risk of these conditions.
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Lower Blood Pressure and Cholesterol: Studies have suggested that Reishi mushrooms may help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, both of which are risk factors for heart disease.
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Reduce Fatigue and Improve Sleep: Reishi mushrooms are believed to have adaptogenic properties, meaning they can help the body adapt to stress and reduce fatigue. They may also help improve sleep quality and reduce insomnia.
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Have Anti-Cancer Properties: Some studies have shown that Reishi mushrooms may have anti-cancer properties, potentially slowing the growth of tumors and reducing the risk of certain types of cancer.
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Supports Liver Function: The liver plays a critical role in detoxifying the body, and Reishi mushrooms may help support liver function. They contain compounds that have been shown to promote liver health and reduce the risk of liver damage.
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Improve Cognitive Function: Reishi mushrooms contain compounds that may improve cognitive function and memory. Some studies have suggested that they may even have neuroprotective properties, potentially reducing the risk of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Chaga :
Boosts Immune System: Chaga mushrooms are rich in polysaccharides, which stimulate the immune system and improve its ability to fight infections and diseases.
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Antioxidant Properties: Chaga mushrooms are high in antioxidants, which protect the body from the damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. The high levels of antioxidants in Chaga mushrooms can help reduce inflammation and prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Lower Cholesterol: Chaga mushrooms have been found to reduce LDL cholesterol levels in the blood, which can help improve heart health.
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Anti-Cancer Properties: Chaga mushrooms contain betulinic acid, which has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death) in cancer cells.
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Supports Liver Health: Chaga mushrooms have been used traditionally to support liver health. It has been found to protect the liver from toxins and other damaging substances.
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Helps Manage Diabetes: Chaga mushrooms may help manage diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing blood sugar levels.
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Reduces Inflammation: Chaga mushrooms contain anti-inflammatory compounds that can help reduce inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and arthritis.
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Enhances Brain Function: Chaga mushrooms contain compounds that can improve brain function and prevent cognitive decline. It has also been found to improve focus and concentration.
The speed of fungi
Trees communicate underground using roots and fungal networks, these fungal networks use chemical signals and electrical impulses. The fungi are connected to the tree via the root tips and send signals at a pace of 8.5 millimetres per second (unlike the tree itself that sends signals at 8.5 millimetres per minute). This speed may seem slow compared to humans, the fastest signals in our bodies are sent by large, myelinated axons found in neurons that transmit the sense of touch or proprioception at about 80-120 metres per second (179-268 miles per hour). Smaller fibres without myelin, like the ones carrying pain information, carry signals at about 0.5-2.0 metres per second (1.1-4.5 miles per hour).
5 Mushroom Facts
1. Fungi Are Genetically Closer to Humans Than Plants
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They absorb nutrients from organic matter, unlike plants that produce their food through photosynthesis.
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Fungi have a fibrous substance called chitin in their cell walls, the same as animals. Plants do not.
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Like us, fungi need food, water and oxygen to survive. They use their hyphae to absorb nutrients, water, and oxygen from their surroundings and expel waste products and CO2.
2. Fungi Are The Largest Life Forms on Earth
The discovery of this giant Armillaria ostoyae in Oregon's Blue Mountains is around 3.5 miles (5.6 km ) wide, occupies an area of 965 hectares (2,385 acres), and is at least 2,400 years old. But could be much older.
3. Mushrooms Help Fight Age-Related Diseases
Mushrooms have high amounts of ergothioneine and glutathione, both important antioxidants, that help fight age-related diseases. The amounts of ergothioneine and glutathione in mushrooms vary by species, with porcini mushrooms containing high amounts of the two compounds.
4. There is 2189 different types of mushroom you can eat
Of these, 2006 are safe to eat, and 183 need pre-treatment to make them safe to eat.
5. Mushrooms can break down plastic
There are more than 50 types of mushrooms that can digest and break down different types of plastics.
